The purpose of this study was to explore the role of parents’ self differentiation in predicting high school students’ self differentiation. The research was a descriptive correlational study. The population consisted of all high school students of Tehran. For this study a random cluster sampling method was used and 283 high school students were selected. The participants and their parents completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory (short form; Drake, 2011). The results of stepwise regression showed that the component of emotional reactivity of fathers’ self- differentiation could predict their sons’ self- differentiation (15%), whereas the component of I position of mothers’ self-differentiation could predict their sons’ self-differentiation (7%). Regarding female students, it was revealed that fathers’ fusion with others (7%) and mothers’ emotional reactivity (5%) would affect the self- differentiation of them. Other Components of self- differentiation of parents showed no role in this anticipation.

Background & aim: Individuals with differentiation of self will have healthy relationships with others, manage their emotions, take care of their own identity, and they suppose, feel, and act for themselves. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the efficacy of self-differentiation training based on the Bowen’ s theory on women’ s self-differentiation and marital satisfaction. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out using a pretest-posttest design. The participants were randomly allocated into two intervention (n=12) and control (n=12) groups in Tehan from 15 September to 15 November 2018. Two questionnaires were used in this study, namely the Differentiation of Self Inventory and Marital Satisfaction Inventory, which were completed pre and post intervention. The intervention included ten sessions of self-differentiation training based on the Bowen’ s theory. The control group received no training. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS software (version 23). Results: Mean scores of age were reported as 30. 58± 3. 61 and 29. 92± 3. 18 years in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, both groups were homogeneous regarding the educational level. The obtained results showed that self-differentiation approach training could significantly increase selfdifferentiation (P<0. 05) and marital satisfaction (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the participants who apply appropriate self-differentiation in their lives would have enhanced ability to manage their emotions, to solve their social problems and to have higher levels of marital satisfaction.

Introduction: Resilience is an influential component of various psychological, emotional, and emotional variables and is substantial in occupational, individual, and family issues research. Methods: The present study is fundamental in its purpose and descriptive in collecting data; it is a correlational type with a structural equation model. The statistical population of the study also includes all married female nurses in government medical centers and hospitals in Alborz province who were working in 2022, from which 400 people were selected as a sample using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Connor and Davidson's (2003) resilience questionnaire, the revised short form of the Skorn-Smith Self-Differentiation Questionnaire (2003), and Bagarozzi's (2001) Marital Intimacy Questionnaire were used to collect data. Results: There is a positive and significant relationship between self-differentiation (r = 0.732, P > 0.01) and marital intimacy (r = 0.856, P > 0.01) with resilience. Also, the standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the self-differentiation variable were 20.686, 0.212, and -0.941; the marital intimacy variable was 89.597, 887, and -0.019; and the resilience variable was 30.055, 0.202, and -1.131. Conclusions: The results showed that the data fit the research's conceptual model and also confirmed the mediating role of marital intimacy in the relationship between self-differentiation and resilience. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals pay special attention to the cognitive, emotional, and affective variables of this group to increase the strength of married female nurses.

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the role of family flexibility, parents’ level of self-differentiation, and parental attachment style in predicting adolescents’ self-differentiation and attachment style. The statistical population of the study consisted of all Tehrani male and female high school students of the first, second and third grades. Among them, 283 students were selected via random multi-stage cluster sampling method and participated in the study alongside their parents. The instrumentation comprised Family Flexibility Questionnaire (Shakeri, 2003), Differentiation of Self Inventory (short form; Drake, 2011), and Adult Attachment Scale (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994). Correlation matrix and stepwise regression were utilized to analyze the obtained data. Results showed that family flexibility, mother's dismissing attachment style, and mother’s emotional reactivity could positively predict 34% of variance in adolescents’ self-differentiation, whereas fathers’ preoccupied attachment style could negatively predict this much variance. In addition, it was uncovered that mother’s emotional cutoff, family flexibility, and father’s emotional cutoff could positively predict 15% of variance in adolescents’ secure attachment style, whereas father’s preoccupied attachment style could negatively predict this much variance. Family flexibility had the most important role in predicting adolescents’ insecure attachment style. Hence, it can be concluded that family flexibility, personal characteristics of parents, and the quality of interactions in family are among the most important determinants of adolescents’ self-differentiation and secure attachment style.

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of effective school-based self-control skill training on increasing psychological hardiness and self-efficacy of male students of the first secondary level.Method: This research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included male students of the first secondary school in Qom city, 30 students were selected using the available sampling method and divided into two groups of 15 people completely randomly. Students in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions of the school-based self-control training program, and the control group did not receive training. Before and after the implementation of the intervention, both groups were evaluated using the psychological hardiness scale of Lang and Goulet (2003) and the self-efficacy scale of children and adolescents (SEQ-C). The data was analyzed using spss-22 software and through repeated measures analysis of variance test.Findings: The results showed that school-based self-control skill training has a significant effect on increasing students' psychological hardiness and self-efficacy (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that school-based self-control skill training can be an effective intervention in increasing psychological hardiness and self-efficacy in students.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between self differentiation and morital satisfaction. The statistical population of this study is ordinary married women in Shiraz. To determine the sample size, random sampling based on the number of components in the model was used. Then, 310 normal couples consisting of 155 women and 155 married men whose marriage duration varied between 5 to 12 years were selected. They were under the age of 50. The data gathering tool included Scourner's own differentiation scale and Enrich marital satisfaction scale (short form), which confirmed the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software at two descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that the effect of their differentiation on marital satisfaction was significant. This means that differentiation has a direct and significant effect on marital satisfaction.

According to Bowen's theory of systemic family therapy, the extent of spousal differentiation could determine the couples' quality of marital relationships. In the study reported here, it was hypothesized that the extent of self-differentiation is related to the severity of marital conflict. Furthermore, based on Bowen's similarity principle, the similarity of spousal self-differentiation was also tested in relationship to the severity of the spousal conflict. To test these hypotheses, 17 couples were randomly selected from among residents of a university dormitory for married couples. Two questionnaires were utilized to collect the data: the Differentiation of Self Index (DSI) and Barati and Sanai's Marital Conflict Questionnaires (MCQ).The results show that there is a relation between couples' extent of self-differentiation and the severity of their marital conflict. Among differentiation subscales, emotional reactivity showed a stronger relationship with marital conflict and supported the similarity principle. The findings are discussed further and suggestions given.

Background and aim: Inadequate bond strength of resin cements to dentin appears to be a typical cause of failure in retention of fiber posts. In restoring endodontically treated teeth with fiber posts the cement-dentin interface is the weakest link. This study aims to compare the effect of self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements on shear bond strength of fiber posts to dentin.Materials and methods: This in vitro experimental study included 40 mandibular premolars with a single canal. All samples received standardized endodontic treatment after meeting the inclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into four groups and a post space was prepared in each sample. A size two Match post RTD fiber post was cemented into each sample using CoreCem (RTD) in group A, Panavia F2 (Kuraray) in group B, Bis Cem (Bisco) in group C and Maxcem Elite (Kerr) in group D as cementing agents. All samples were then cut into two pieces. Each specimen was loaded with equal force using a Universal Testing Machine. The load was applied from the apical to the coronal portion of each sample until fracture occurred. The mean shear bond strength for two each group was recorded and statistically analyzed with ANOVA (one way) and Dunnett’s tests using SPSS.Results: The mean shear bond strength was found to be as follows: Group A: (12.66 ±3.77) MPa Group B: (14.61±4.18) MPa Group C: (7.26±2.49) MPa Group D: (6.68±3.17) Mpa, Significant difference was demonstrated between shear bond strength of four groups (P=0.001). Mean bond strengths of resin cements in group A and B were not statistically different. Same results were shown when comparing cements in group C and D. However, cements in group A and B (self-etch) provided stronger bonds to dentin compared to group C and D (self-adhesive), the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: The use of self-etch resin cements results in higher shear bond strength to dentin compared to self-adhesive resin cements.

Background. Enjoying family life and interpersonal or marital relationships as well as feeling satisfied are among the main desires of every person. Numerous studies show that self-differentiation is one of the most important intrapersonal and interpersonal elements in families, especially in Iranian ones, which is also associated with other psychological phenomena. Methods. This study was performed using the meta-analysis technique by integrating the results of various studies conducted in the field of consequences and preconditions of their differentiation in Iranian families. To this end, 33 eligible and acceptable studies were selected and meta-analyzed. Data collection was performed using a meta-analysis checklist. This study was based on 6205 samples and 33 sizes of effect. Results. The findings indicated that the effect size of the predictors and consequences of self-differentiation in Iranian families had a large-sized average effect (r=0. 46, SE=0. 06, 1, P<0. 001). Conclusion. Based on the findings, self-differentiation in the position of predictor and criterion variables was related to different psychological characteristics in Iranian families. Practical Implications. The results of this study, in addition to enriching national science and knowledge and guiding future studies, provided a comprehensive understanding of this psychological characteristic in the cultural and social context. Also, it can have special practical consequences in designing and developing treatment protocols based on self-differentiation in families according to the culture of our country.